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　 　 Process control 　 　
　 　 - Write data about process-specific performance
- Using data on defects, automatically transfer it to the defective process to modify or abandon
- Real-time process data
- Data about final status, marker, operator, date, order number and lot number are stored and used in a maintenance process.
　 　 Access control 　 　 　
　 　 Tag¨s readers can be installed in all entrances where access needs to be controlled such as member only places, apartment buildings, public organizations, companies, etc. Through radio communication (10cm~3m), the reader reads data of users. This can be applicable not only to access control but to employee management, restaurant management and desk-top PC security functions with which the RFID tag allows for the implementation of integrated management systems.
　 　 Supply Chain Management (SCM) 　 　
　 　 In the SCM, supervision of all processes is important as products, information and finances should be transferred to producers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers from suppliers. In the process, various data are written into the RF tag to identify, inspect and track all products. It can be advanced to the level where a machine itself locates fault and trouble-shoots and order worn-out components by itself. The tag enables overall management of product flows and response to customer¨s request for refund or maintenance. It has high possibility to reduce costs and enables all related operators in the SCM to manage current resources and plans for the future demand.
　 　
　 　 Transportation
When merchandise is received, it is equipped with a RF tag containing delivery information. The inventory list is continually updated when the reader reads incoming and outgoing merchandise and reflects the data in the list. That¨s because RFID tags are unlikely to accidentally move or be damaged. If a conveyer system is equipped with a reader, data about passing merchandise can be instantly reflected in the inventory list while it passes near the reader.
　 　 Warehousing management
All the processes from receiving to shipping in the warehouses can be automated. Product information and location tracking can be automated. Inventory can be automatically managed and merchandise out of sight or out of reach can be identified. RFID tags allow for automated management.
　 　 Air logistics
RFID tags can effectively manage air logistics as the RFID tag contains data on freight, path of movement and status of freight due to timely delivery, minimized and automated high-priced package, and increased transfer of packages by international division of labor.
For individual packages, the RFID tag can be installed in the package, which will reduce the possible loss or damage. It also enables fast retrieval of package that will shorten retrieval time.
　 　

Procurement system of large discount stores or convenience stores
Currently, as the chip installed in the RFID cards is very expensive, it can hardly replace the barcode system which is used even for small items. However, when the chip price becomes affordable, it can be more widely used. It can contain more data than a bar code and track merchandise in the delivery process. The tag can replace a security tag which is usually used for high priced items. There is no need to line up and wait in front of checkout counter in a store or you can check out by passing through the counter while items are still in the shopping cart.
　 　 　
　 　 Library management
RFID tags allow for the management of library in terms of current visitors, daily/monthly/yearly visitors, and visitor-based management planning. In addition, when books are lent or returned, contacting ID cards to the reader enters data into the host computer. It enables librarians to identify book lending by user.
　 　 Arbor management
When tags are installed in the trees, using a mobile reader can check the state of trees. Data about trees are entered into tags, which helps manage trees. As tags are little affected by external environmental conditions, they can have long life.
　 　 Parking management
As RF tag parking system identifies tags by registered card numbers, it controls car access and enables non-stop passage. It also prevents unauthorized parking, which helps secure enough parking spaces. In addition, managers can inquire history of car access or retrieve cars on the host computer. The tag provides rate calculation function and helps grasp the state of a parking lot.
　 　 Transportation fare payment
RF tags can be used as transportation cards plus credit cards. Unlike magnetic cards, RF tags don¨t need to contact the reader, which minimizes damage. So tags can be used semi-permanently. Doors are open or shut when the tag passes within the reading zone while it is in the bag or pocket. Transportation fares are billed later. The system dramatically reduces manpower and time required to collect fares. At present, RFID tags are used in metropolitan subway systems, buses and some taxies. Applications can be expanded into airplanes, ships, and highways.
　 　 　
　 　 Credit cards
RF tags can solve shortcomings of existing credit cards such as reproduction or forgery. They also can prevent unauthorized use of tags because user password is entered again at a time of payment. As it is non-contact, you don¨t need to take it out from your wallet and minimized contact with a reader may extend its life. The tag can incorporate a credit card, ID card and transportation card and contain medical history. In the future, it will become more convenient only with one integrated card.
　 　 E-money
The tag can meet the requirements of e-money such as stability, protection of dual usage, user¨s privacy, etc. As the tag performs payment and settlement at the same time, dual usage can be prevented before settlement. E-money should not be easily reproduced and e-money users should be protected from collusion attacks made by other members. The protection of privacy means the transaction history of e-momey should not be traceable just like cash.
　 　 E-business
In a broad sense, e-business incorporates all economic activities performed on the Internet by companies or consumers such as advertising, order placement and purchase of goods and services. E-business will incur seismic changes in the real economy because it transcends temporal or spacious boundary into the cyberspace. The frequently used term ｀shopping mall¨ means a store where people interact with each other. That is, the term tries to adopt the idea that people look around goods in the shops in the real world.
　 　 　
　 　 Patient management
Medical history or data of a patient can be stored in a RFID tag, which helps manage patients. Medical information for emergency, medical history, vaccination, allergy, and medication data are securely stored in a tag. Benefits in using a RFID card include easy and swift data recovery, convenient service provision, reduced maintenance cost due to less paperwork, increased convenience for patients and on-line data security and accessibility, etc
　 　 Sport game ticketing
Band type tags are used. Replacing tickets like free ride tickets with RFID tags can reduce time and manpower for checking. By entering basic information about users, visit time and riders used by age/sex can be tracked to maximize productivity.
　 　 Livestock management
Attaching identification tags is already used in many farms. However, not just for identification, RFID ear tags are used to store much information on livestock such as vaccination and the whole family number of livestock, etc. The ear tag should be made of flexible plastic material so that it can be attached to the ears of livestock and be hardly infected by germs.
　 　 Casino chips
Chips are used as money in casinos. Chips were introduced to maintain order in an exciting casino games, replace cash and facilitate games. When RFID tags like intelligent coins replace chips in casinos, deposit/withdrawal information per table can be checked and the central control room can make swift calculation and monitor the flow of chips real time. Productivity rises due to profit increase and fast management by reducing risks of theft or loss.
By using basic information on merchandise equipped with RFID tags such as clothing, shoes and daily necessities, it is an integrated logistic management system that can save logistics costs and enhance customer service. The introduction of RFID logistics management systems minimizes losses against sales incurred by loss of products to increase profits. In all processes including inventory or distribution, accurate and effective management environment can be implemented. Currently, some foreign and domestic companies replaced the barcode with a RFID tag and witnessed their sales rise sharply.
A single product is equipped with a RFID tag and the packing with a RFID tag in a factory. Then, the packaged product is shipped and loaded in a truck. When the truck passes the factory gate, the RFID reader senses the tag in the package and records shipment. When the truck arrives at a temporary depot, the package is read and put into the inventory list. When the package is shipped to each shop, the reader senses its shipment. When the package arrives at a shop, the package is read and put into the inventory list of the shop.
Description
Barcode
RFID tag
Function
Read only
Read/write
　 -Check at a time of sale -Unable to update -Impossible to check several barcodes at a time -Difficult to check losses -Dual checking of products (inaccurate inventory) -Overall logistics management (Production-logistics-sales-maintenance-antitheft) -Able to check multi tags -Check dual reading when an error occurs -Programmable, strong durability -Real-time loss checking -Advertising (enhance image-> sales increase)
1. Smooth inventory management
A. Inventory of shop
- Real-time response to the sale of products
- Maintain minimum inventory and have an assortment of products by color, size, shape, etc.
B. Inventory of logistics center or warehouses
- Able to grasp incoming and outgoing products by checking the products when trucks pass the gate.
- Automatic sorting when tags are installed in the conveyer system and location tracking
2. Reduced check-out time and CRM
A. Shorter check out time
- The reader installed in the shopping cart senses items purchased and product information.
- When a shopper passes the gate mounted with the reader, the check out result is transmitted to his cellular phone (e-purse).
- No need to wait in line in front of a checkout counter. B. Integration with CRM
- Manufacturing and marketing becomes more efficient due to the possible anticipation of demands.
- Coupled with private information, a customer can quickly locate the product he looks for
　
3. Loss reduction and orderly distribution
A. Reduce losses from theft
- Loss incurred by theft of internal staff can be reduced.
- Theft by customers can be prevented. In particular, manufacturers are positive to introduce the RFID tags for small, high-priced products.
- In the process of delivery, theft or location of products can be tracked.
- There is no need for anti-theft gadgets such as surveillance cameras which are likely to violate human rights.
B. No room for illegal products
- With identification numbers attached, the path of a product can be tracked by distribution process.
- An Italian fashion brand, United Colors of Benetton, prepares to introduce the RFID tags in all processes from production to distribution to prevent fake products.
　
1. Auto-ID Center of MIT in the US EPC project of Auto-ID Center
- The Center was established in 1999 and was engaged in the standardizations with five prestigious universities (US¨ MIT, British Cambridge University, Australian Adelaide University, Japan¨s Keio University, University of St. Gallen in Switzerland) under sponsorship of over 100 global companies.
- The Auto-ID Center adopted EPC (Electrical Product Code) project as international standards and launched field tests.
- The motto of the project, ｀The Internet of things¨, is the idea that the tag-packaged items are remotely monitored real time on the network similar to the Internet.
- The goal is to build an open information network that can automatically identify anything anywhere in the world.
『 Please visit the website of Auto-ID Center, www.autoidcenter.org
2. Ubiquitous ID Center of NEC and Hitachi in Japan
e-Tron project of the Ubiquitous Center
- The Center was established in Mar 11, 2003 and more than 180 companies in Korea, China and Japan joined. Among them, NEC, Hitachi, NTT DoCoMo, Fujitsu, Samsung Electronics and NCR are included.
- The Center determined standards for IC Tag on June 18. The tag¨s size is smaller than 1mm with antenna included and memory size is over 128 bits. It suggested one type of read-only tags and three types of programmable tags. The distance between the tag and the reader shall be 4~5 m.
- From September, three companies (Marubeni Corp., Maruesu Corp., NTT Data Corp.) are expected to launch field tests for introducing RF tags in the food distribution.
- Readers and POS systems will be introduced next year as the standards are set.
『 Please visit the website www.uidcenter.org
3. Integration of barcode Advent of GS1 (Global Standard 1)
- UCC and EAN were integrated to inaugurate the standardization organization of merchandise barcode in January 2004.
- UCC 12 digit barcode used in the North America and EAN 13 digit barcode used in 101 nations and Europe were replaced by GTIN 14 digit barcode.
- Ahead of the official inauguration of GS1, it integrated the Auto-ID center last June and is actively involved in the standardization.
- With investment of U$8 million, MIT Auto-ID Center was reorganized into non-profitable joint venture, Auto-ID, which would participate in the wider use and commercialization of RFID.
- In addition, GS1 is playing an important role in the ISO SC31 which is responsible for global standardization, by occupying chairmanship and two-thirds of committee.